Test 15

Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (1-5). There are three choices you do not need to use.

MOVING

Most children will move at least once during their childhood. While moving can often bring adventure and excitement, it can also mean leaving the easy familiarity of home, school, and neighbourhood, and saying goodbye to cherished friends and schoolmates. Through a child's eyes, even a move of a short distance is likely to seem cross-continental. The following hints will help ease the transition.

1 If tempting to send your child off to grandma's while you attend to a million details, reconsider! Your youngster gains control over the scary unknown by participating directly in move related activities. For example, have your child pack and label a box of favourite belongings to be opened immediately upon arrival.

2 Distance permitting, drive to your new home and neighbourhood a few times prior to relocating. Subscribe to a local newspaper. Call the Chamber of Commerce for pamphlets describing your new community. Start a scrapbook containing photographs of the new surroundings: home, backyard, child's room, school, and playground.

3 Encourage your child to write or send cards to old playmates. Arrange periodic calls or visits. Read books together on how other children have coped with moving. In addition, some moving companies offer related pamphlets and colouring books for children.

4 Acknowledge feelings of sadness and hesitation along with the positive ones. Ask what worries and also excites your child most about the move. Stress that it will take a while to adjust to the new surroundings and feel settled again. Emphasise the support and security of the family itself.

5 Befriend parents with children of your child's age. Join a family-oriented community centre. If your child is interested, organise or find a Scouts or campfire group. Search out music, sports, or dance opportunities. (This is especially good in the summer months when the ready made activities of school are not yet available.) Above all, let your child observe you taking steps to become involved.

Read the text below. For questions (6-10) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

For a long time, people thought that coffee was not healthy, at least for those who drink a lot of it. Coffee can make you nervous and anxious, some say, and many regular drinkers would agree. In medieval times coffee was considered a drug, and early coffee shops were seen as dens of iniquity, subject to shutdown by municipal authorities across Europe.

Today things have changed quite a bit. Still, few might have expected coffee's growing role as an important health supplement and powerful preventive cocktail for a variety of health conditions. Indeed, some say it may even turn out to be good for kids!

A recent funded study by Harvard researchers suggested that those who drank something like six cups of coffee a day had a much reduced risk of developing type II diabetes compared to those who consumed no coffee each day- up to 50 % less for men and 30 % less for women.

Researchers were unsure, whether this effect was due to the caffeine in coffee or other substances (decaffeinated coffee also worked, but with less impact). Some of the ingredients in coffee, like magnesium, are thought to improve insulin efficacy, so the reasons for coffee's benefits in this case may be manifold. Coffee is also positively implicated in reducing the risk for Parkinson's disease, liver cirrhosis, colon cancer and even gallstones. Coffee could also help lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease for long-term coffee drinkers. At the same time, it may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease or reduce it depending on its interaction with other conditions like stress and individual health conditions.

According to Vanderbilt's Dr Tomas DePaulis, and contrary perhaps to parents who usually try to keep coffee from children, it may not be that harmful. Like in the case of adults, it seems to improve concentration and may help children do a little better on tests for this reason.

There are negative effects of drinking coffee, most of which are associated with drinking large amounts of coffee. The National Institute of Health says, A child's caffeine consumption should be closely monitored. Although caffeine is safe to consume in moderation, it may negatively affect a child's nutrition. Caffeinated beverages may be replacing nutrient-dense foods such as milk. A child may also eat less because caffeine acts as an appetite suppressant. Caffeine can be completely restricted in a child's diet since there is no nutritional requirement for it. This may be necessary for a hypoactive child as caffeine is a stimulant. Caffeine is also an addictive substance. and can cause restlessness in those who skip the daily coffee dose. In addition, there may be othershort-term side effects, such as heartburn, headaches, stomach problems and an elevated blood pressure.

Whatever the truth of this claim, over the coming years, there is little doubt that much more research will be done and future generations of all ages may benefit from this analysis.
6.When was coffee considered to be illegal?                       [In the Middle Ages, In the Stone Age., In the 18th century., In the 10th century.]

7.Coffee is                                   [a nutrient-dense drink., an essential nutrition component., a stimulating aromatic drink., an alcoholic beverage.]

8.The daily consumption of coffee can                                 [heighten the level of sugar, influence the person's health., cause restfulness., reduce the blood pressure]

9.A recent research proved that                                          [coffee should be taken in moderation., short-term coffee drinkers never suffer, coffee drinkers often have indigestion., women drink more coffee than men.]

10.According to the researchers, we should take___________                                 [two cups of coffee, less than five cups of coffee, one cup of coffee, more than three cups of coffee]

Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (11-16). There are two choices you do not need to use.

11 Astoria Column

A visit to the Astoria Column includes both great views and interesting history. Not only will you be treated to a magnificent view of the town, the river, and the Astoria-Megler bridge, you'll be able to see Cape Disappointment, Youngs Bay, Saddle Mountain, Mount St Helens, and Mount Hood (weather permitting). You can enjoy these views from the hill, or after climbing an internal spiral staircase up to the top of the Astoria Column. The Astoria Column is quite interesting in its own right. A story of the region's history is told in murals that winds up the structure. Events depicted include the arrival of Lewis and Clark and the initial establishment of Astoria as a fur trading centre in 1811.

12 Columbia River Maritime Museum

The major river of the Northwest, the Columbia River has long been an important route for transportation and commerce. The Columbia River bar, where the Columbia River opens to a wide mouth and empties into the Pacific Ocean, is known as the Graveyard of the Pacific». The Columbia River Maritime Museum is an outstanding facility that provides exhibits covering the region's many shipwrecks and much more. Early European exploration, commercial fishing, the Coast Guard, and lighthouses are among the topics covered at the museum. You'll also see a long list of different kinds of vessels, both life-size and models, indoors and out on the river.

13 Fort Stevens State Park

Among the great state parks found in Oregon and throughout the Northwest, Fort Stevens State Park stands out for the number of things to see and do within its 3,700 acres. Located at the north-west tip of the state, the park looks out over both the Columbia River and the Pacific Ocean; a magnificent view of the Columbia River bar is available from the South Jetty. History buffs will enjoy learning about Fort Stevens' past, from Civil War times through the World Wars. A self-guided tour takes you around what remains of the fort's buildings and batteries. Other items of historic interest include a Native American longhouse and the Peter Iredale shipwreck. Fort Stevens State Park's visitors will also find a plentiful camping and outdoor recreation.

14 Flavel House Museum

Flavel House, a historic home and carriage house, provides an interesting glimpse of life in late-19th-century Astoria. The lovely Queen Anne mansion was built as Captain George Flavel'stirement home in 1886, a Columbia River bar pilot and prominent Astoria citizen. Flavel House has been restored and furnished to reflect the life in the Victorian era when Captain Flavel and his family lived in the stately structure.

15 Heritage Museum of the Clatsop County Historical Society

Astoria's old City Hall building is now the home of the Heritage Museum of the Clatsop County Historical Society. Exhibits feature the native Clatsop people as well as Astoria's maritime and fishing heritage. Upstairs you'll find the Vice and Virtue in Clatsop County: 1890 to Prohibitions, a set of exhibits focusing on a particularly wild and colourful era in local history.

16 Children's Museum of Indianapolis

Many children's museums can be boring and loud to adults and even teenagers, but the Indianapolis Children's museum in Indiana has so much to do you won't know where to start. Their permanent collection is like something out of a mythology book with dinosaur eggs, precious gems, Fender guitars and folk toys. The collection is very modern, too, so instead of a trip to the past you might be explaining your own youth to the younger members of your family.

In this place_____________________

Read the text below. Choose from (A-H) the one which best fits each space (17-22). There are two choices you do not need to use.

BIODIVERSITY IS THE VARIETY OF ALL LIFE ON THE EARTH

Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is the term for the variety of life and the natural processes (17)___________________________. . This includes the living organisms and the genetic differences between them and the communities in which they occur.

The concept of biodiversity represents the ways that life is organized and interacts on our planet. These interactions can take place on scales ranging from the smallest, at the chromosome level, to organisms, ecosystems, and even entire landscapes. The term «biodiversity refers to the number of organisms: animals, plants, microbes; all the life (18)________________.

"Biodiversity" is a term that came into fairly common use during the 1990s. However, many people are still not sure of its meaning, and often associate the concept with non-native ecosystems and habitats (19)______________. Simply stated, the term biodiversity, refers to the full array of life on the Earth. More generally, we use the term biodiversity to refer to the number of organisms (20)______________.

Aside from the range within ecosystems, biodiversity includes variety within genes, a segment of DNA (21)__________ that makes each species and individual unique, and species, which is a population of individuals that are alike and able to breed and reproduce fertile offspring. None are alike.

The scale at which biodiversity can be measured varies. That region may consist (22) _____________no more than a few square metres or yards, a whole continent, or the entire planet. Biodiversity does more than measure the variety of life around us. It also provides a variety of animals, plants, bacteria, and other organisms to support us. Imagine what it would be like if we only had one food to eat every day!

Read the text below. For questions (23-32) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

RECYCLED VEGETABLE OIL POWERS VANS AND CARS

When Jared Fisher needs fuel for his vans, he doesn't head for the gas station. Instead, he goes to restaurants to collect (23)_________           [used, made, collected, produced] vegetable oil. He pours that vegetable oil into his vans' fuel (24)____________        [jugs, tanks, plates, dishes].

Most cars and vans are built to run on gas. They won't run on vegetable oil. But Fisher's vanshave been specially built so they can operate (25)_________       [about, in, of, on] recycled vegetable oil or diesel fuel.

Fisher owns a company that runs bicycle trips and other vacation (26)_________         [voyages, routes, tours, hikes]. He uses his vans to (27)__________________________       [carry, keep, use, go]travellers from place to place. He bought the special vans to (28)____________      [make, have, take, save]some money and help protect the environment. Recycling vegetable oil for fuel is much less expensive than buying diesel fuel, he says. (29) ________________________          [Also, Too, Till, Although], burning vegetable oil does not cause as much pollution as some diesel fuel does. Fisher spends between four and six hours a week (30)________________            [throwing, collecting, picking, gathering]used vegetable oil. In 2007, he collected about 3,000 gallons of the oil from restaurants. That saved him about $9,000, which is the amount he would have spent on 3,000 gallons of diesel fuel. This year, the savings could be even bigger because the (31) _______         [payment, cost, worth, rent]of diesel fuel is now about $4 a gallon.

People have tried using vegetable oil in diesel engines (32) _____________         [for, already, yet, since]and vegetable oil are a lot alike, but vegetable oil is thicker. Vehicles like the ones Fisher drives use the engine's heat to heat the vegetable oil so it is not so thick.

Read the texts below. For questions (33-42) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).

CREATIVE SCULPTURES CAN HELP FEED THE HUNGRY

Did you ever make a tower out of cans? People who participate in a competition called Canstruction get a chance to be (33)__________            [creative, creative, creation, creativity] with cans of food. At the same time, they are helping to fight hunger, During Canstruction competitions, teams led by architects, engineers, and builders design and build huge sculptures out of cans of food. More than 50 competitions (34) _______                [were held, held, hold, are being held]this year in the US and Canada. Sculptures (35)_________               [have included, include, has included, includes]a shark, a castle, an octopus, a seashell, and even a tornado. Each sculpture (36)_________       [use, using, uses, used]between 1,000 and 13,000 cans.

When the Canstruction competition is over, all of the cans of food (37) ________                   [have been donated, will donate, is donated, are donated]to food banks, homeless shelters, day-care and senior centres, and soup kitchens to help feed hungry people.

RETURN TO THE MOON

Would you like to visit the moon? The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) hopes to land a manned spacecraft on the moon in 2018. That's 46 years after US astronauts last (38)____________________________         [walked, walks, walk, walking]on the moon in 1972.

NASA (39)____________              [had expected, expects, expected, will expect]that the vehicle for the mission to the moon will cost $104 billion to build over the next ten years.

The new spacecraft will look much different from the winged space shuttle that (40)_____________              [had carried, has carried, carried, have carried]many astronauts into space in the last 25 years. It will look more like an older spacecraft, called Apollo, but it will use some of the new space shuttle technology. Besides going to the moon, the new vehicle will be designed to travel to the International Space Station and to Mars. It will carry four astronauts and more supplies than other spaceships.

At first, astronauts would stay on the moon for about a week. Later, NASA would like to build a base on the moon where crews (41)_________             [are to work, should work, could work, will work] for six months at a time.

NASA used the Apollo rockets for six missions to the moon from 1969 to 1972. The first man to walk on the moon was Neil Armstrong on 20 July 1969. Armstrong and two other astronauts (42)___________________                [journey, have journeyed, journeys, journeyed]to the moon on Apollo 11. Altogether, 12 US astronauts have walked on the moon.