Institute of High Technologies Final English (ESP) Test

Task 1. General Revision

There are some gaps in the text below. Fill in the gaps with one suitable variant (A, B, C, D).

I

Materials 1)             [a) are used, b) used, c) use, d) using] in photocatalytic water splitting typically have dopants and/or co-catalysts added 2)                      [a) to optimize, b) optimizing, c) to be optimized, d) to have optimized] their performance. A sample semiconductor with the proper band structure is TiO₂. However, due to the relatively positive 3)               [a) valence, b) energy, c) conduction, d) production] band of TiO₂, there is little driving force for H₂ production, so TiO₂ 4)                    [typically uses, has typically used, typically used, is typically used]with a co-catalyst such as Pt 5)                     [a) increasing, b) having increased, c) to increase, d) increased] the rate of H₂ production. It is routine to add co-catalysts to spur H₂ evolution in most photocatalysts 6)            [a) due to, b) because, c) as, d) since] the conduction band placement. Most semiconductors with suitable band structures to split water 7)                 [a)absorb, b) absorbs, c) are absorbed, d) is absorbed] mostly UV light; in order to absorb visible light, it is necessary to narrow the 8)               [a) valence, b) energy, c) conduction, d) band] gap. Since the conduction band is fairly close to the reference potential for H₂ formation, it is preferable 9)                  [a) to exchange, b) to alter, c) to replace, d) to substitute] the valence band and move it closer to the potential for O₂ formation, since there is a greater natural overpotential.

Task 1. General Revision

There are some gaps in the text below. Fill in the gaps with one suitable variant (A, B, C, D).

II

The second law of thermodynamics has 10)                [a) superficial, b) shallow, c) profound, d) artificial] implications for our existence. We are complex, highly organized, and well-ordered systems. Our entropy content is much 11)           [a) lower, b) low, c) higher, d) high] than it would be if we were completely 12)               [a) applied, b) exhausted, c) utilized, d) decomposed] into carbon dioxide, water, and several other simple chemicals. Does this mean that our existence is a(n) 13)                [a) obedience, b) sticking to, c) violation, d) awareness] of the second law? No, because the thousands of chemical reactions necessary to produce and maintain human life 14)                [a) cause, b) are caused, c) are causing, d) have caused] a very large 15)             [a) decrease, b) increase, c) fall, d) gap] in the entropy of the rest of the universe. 16)            [a) Thus, b) For, c) As, d) Because], as the second law requires, the 17)               [a) incomplete, b) partial, c) overall, d) single] entropy change during the lifetime of a human, or any other living system, is positive.

Task 1. General Revision

There are some gaps in the text below. Fill in the gaps with one suitable variant (A, B, C, D).

III

The terms "activated charcoal," "activated carbon," and "active carbon" all 18)             [a) give, b) practise, c) alter, d) occur] in the literature and (19)                       [a) generally use, b) generally used, c) are generally used, d) generally using] interchangeably. 20)             [a) Despite, b) Although, c) However, d) Whereas] some scientists prefer the adjective "active" to "activated," almost all charcoals in modem use 21)                                  [a) have been purposely activated, b) have purposely activated, c) purposely activated, d) purposely activate] by taking the charcoal 22)                  [a) result, b) results, c) are resulting, d) resulting] from the controlled pyrolysis of the starting material and subjecting it ( 23)        [a) in, b) for, c) to, d) -] the action of an oxidizing gas such as steam, carbon dioxide, or air at elevated temperatures. This enhances the adsorptive power of the charcoal by 24)                    [a) develop, b) developed, c) being developed, d) developing] an extensive internal network of fine pores in the material. Thus, the adjective "activated" which 25)                  [a) is preferred, b) preferred, c) are preferred, d) preferring] by almost all industrial and medical personnel is more cor­rect than the adjective "active" and will be used in this work.

Task 2. Vocabulary

Match a word in A with a word in B:

1) The acceleration of a photoreaction in the presence of a catalyst is                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins].

2) The term for the production of hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) from water by directly utilizing the energy from light is                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins].

3) A thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the energy not available for work in a thermodynamic process, such as in energy conversion devices, engines, or machines is                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins].

4) The adhesion of atoms, ions, biomolecules or molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface is                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins].

5) The science of energy conversion involving heat and other forms of energy, most notably mechanical work, is                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins].

6)                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins] is the study of macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical laws and concepts.

7)                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins] is science and engineering at the scale of atoms and molecules.

8)                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins] is a subdivision of nuclear chemistry which is the study of how radioactive elements interact with other materials and how these radioactive materials can be used for different processes.

9)                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins] is a branch of physics developed in the first part of the 20th century that was highly successful in explaining the behavior of atoms, molecules and nuclei.

10)                                [photocatalysis, photocatalytic water splitting, entropy, adsorption, thermodynamics, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, radiation chemistry, quantum mechanics, isotopes, taxol, porphyrins]are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number, and consequently in mass number.