Housing

THEME: Housing

"Architecture is not based on concrete and steel, and the elements of the soil. It's based on wonder."   

                                                                                                            Daniel Libeskind

Read, write and learn the following words and word combinations:

housing житло, житлове будівництво

prefabricated blocks збірні блоки

to assemble on the spot  монтувати (зібрати)  на місці

to take place відбуватися

under the supervision під наглядом

foreman виконроб, старший майстер

bricklayer муляр

carpenter тесляр

plasterer штукатур

plumber водопровідник

painter маляр

locksmith слюсар

glass-cutter скляр

bearing power опорне навантаження

foundation фундамент

to dig (dug, dug) викопувати

excavation виймання грунту, земляні роботи

basement основа, підвальне приміщення

framework каркас

to carry the load тримати навантаження

floor joist балка для підлоги

girder балка, брус, поперечина

to space розставляти, розміщувати

solid walls суцільні стіни

hollow walls порожнисті стіни

to plaster штукатурити

staircase сходи

flight of stairs сходовий марш

to crown вінчати, завершувати

sheathing обшивка

rafters крокви

truss кроквяна ферма

shingle покрівельна дранка

slate шифер

tile черепиця

to insert a lintel встановлювати перемичку

Read and translate the text.

Houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete. A lot of houses are built of prefabricated blocks (prefabs). All the parts of such houses are produced on an industrial scale in factories and assembled on the spot. The building process takes place under the supervision of foremen and engineers. The structure is put up by bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers, plumbers, painters, locksmiths, glass-cutters, etc.

In the construction of a house the first step is to make a careful survey of the site and to examine the soil in order to find its bearing power. Next, the building lines are staked out. After this, the foundations are built. The excavation is dug for the basement and then followed by the actual building of the foundation walls below ground level.

Foundations are to keep the floors and walls from contact with the soil, to act against the action of the frost and to prevent settlement. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is framework. It carries the loads which are imposed on it. To do this work properly and safely the floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the construction must be correctly designed, proportioned, spaced and arranged.

The building of a wall consists in laying down courses of bricks and binding them together with mortar. The walls may be solid and hollow. They may be plastered, then covered with wall-paper or painted.

When doors or windows are to be made, a lintel is usually inserted in the wall above the opening. Storeys are separated by reinforced concrete slabs. The staircase leads to the upper floors. The staircase consists of stairs (steps). When we ascend or descend from step to step we hold on to the banisters (handrails). The steps between two landings are called a flight of stairs.

The whole structure is crowned by the roof which covers the building and protects it from exposure to the weather. It ties the walls and gives strength to the structure. A complete roof consists of covering, sheathing, rafters, purlins and roof trusses. The covering is the outer or weather resistant coating of the roof. The materials mostly used for the covering are shingles, slate, tiles and iron. After the building of the house is completed there will be a need to make a number of connections: sewer and water pipes with faucets (taps). This particular part of the work is undertaken by plumbers, while electrical, gas, and other connections are made by the electricians.

 Read the following statements and decide if they are true or false.

1. Some houses are built of wood, brick, stone and concrete.

2. The structure is put up by engineers.

3. The floor carries the loads which are imposed on it.

4. The walls may be solid only.

5. The staircase consists of steps.

6. The whole structure is crowned by the ceiling.

7. A number of connections are made after the building is completed.

Watch the video.

У відведене поле завантажте фото сторінки зошита - ЗАВДАННЯ 1.