Чигиринський навчально-виховний комплекс

«Дошкільний навчальний заклад-спеціалізована школа І-ІІІ ступенів №2»

Чигиринської районної ради Черкаської області

О.В. Ковальчук

Навчальний посібник

Chyhyryn 2017

Ковальчук О.В.. -Чигирин, 2017.- 26с.

Автор:

Ковальчук О.В., вчитель англійської мови Чигиринського навчально-виховного комплексу І-ІІІ ступенів №2 Чигиринської районної ради Черкаської області

Рецензент: Лещенко Н.Л., старший вчитель англійської мови

Чигиринського навчально-виховного

комплексу І-ІІІ ст. №2 Чигиринської

районної ради Черкаської області.

Посібник складено з метою ознайомлення учнів з різноманітністю музичних інструментів та використання матеріалу на уроках англійської мови та в позакласній роботі з предмету. Посібник містить збірку текстів із вправами на закріплення.

Схвалено рішенням методо’єднання

вчителів англійської мови

Протокол №3 від 26.01.2017 року

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Bowed Strings

3. Woodwind

4. Brass Instruments

5. Percussion Instruments

6. Keyboard Instruments

7. Guitar family

Introduction

It is true that nowadays we have different types of music all over the world, we need music for various reasons. And traditional music is more important than the modern music played worldwide.

Firstly, we need music for enjoyment, to express different ideas and emotions. For example, after a hectic day’s work, when we are tired, we listen to music while relaxing on our sofa at home with our loved ones, worldwide, it is believed that music is the food of love and again we listen to music during exercise in the gym. In fact, it keeps us going during our household cleaning.

Secondly, the reason why traditional music is more important than the modern music is that it expresses our cultural identity, custom and history.

We have variety of music for different occasions such as naming and wedding ceremonies, coronation of a king, even when a king die. Further more, if a newborn baby is crying in my country, the mother will carry the baby on her back dancing and singing her traditional music for the child until he falls sleep. Any occasion, especially wedding and naming, without traditional music is like being in a grave yard, people will be unhappy, they will even be gossiping, speculating that may be something terrible has happened to the family, some may leave the place and go without informing the celebrant, this shows how important traditional is.

The most important thing in music is musical instrument. A musical instrument is a device created or adapted for the purpose of  making musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can serve as a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. The history of  musical instruments dates back to the beginnings of  human culture. The academic  study of musical instruments is called organology.

The great majority of musical instruments fall readily into one of six major categories: bowed strings, woodwind, brass, percussion, keyboard, and the guitar family, the first four of which form the basis of the modern symphony orchestra. 

The Violin

The four principle orchestral string instruments are (in descending order of overall pitch) the violins (usually divided into two sections, playing individual parts), the violas, the cellos and the double basses. Each have four strings arranged in order of pitch, can be played by means of a bow (arco) or plucked (pizzicato), but whereas the violin and viola are played with the instrument resting between the shoulder and the chin, the larger cello (or, to give it its full title, violoncello) is placed facing outwards between and slightly behind the knees, and the bulky double bass is played standing up or seated on a high stool.

Enthusiasts of Medieval, Renaissance and early Baroque music will encounter earlier varieties of bowed instruments known variously as vielle, viol, or in its earliest form, fidel (hence the modern nickname for a violin, 'fiddle'). The most popular member of the viol family is the cello's precursor, the viola da gamba (literally 'viol of the legs').

The Violas

The four principle woodwind instruments of the orchestra all work by means of a system of keys (usually silver-plated) which when variously depressed and released allow air to pass through differing lengths of the instrument resulting in notes of different pitch. In order of descending overall pitch, these are:

Flute

Flute is a normally silver-plated (or in more extravagant cases, gold), narrow-bored instrument, held horizontally just under the mouth, and activated by blowing air across an aperture at one end of the instrument. Its higher-pitched cousin, the piccolo, is often encountered, although the lower alto flute rather less so. Early forebears include the unkeyed fife. The most popular close relation is the recorder family, largely unkeyed and end-blown in the vertical position.

Types of Flutes.

Oboe

Oboe is a narrow-bored wooden instrument descended from the medieval shawm, held vertically, and activated by means of placing the end-positioned double-reed in the mouth, and blowing under high-pressure so as to force air between the two bound reeds, causing them to vibrate. Other members of the oboe family include the lower pitched cor anglais (or English Horn), and (far more rarely) baritone oboe and heckelphone (bass oboe). The instrument's most famous predecessor is the Baroque oboe d'amore, often used by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Clarinet

Clarinet is like the oboe usually wooden, played vertically and held in the mouth, but with a wider bore and consisting of a single reed which when activated vibrates against a detachable mouthpiece. The standard instrument can be pitched in B flat (usually) or A, and the family is unusually extensive including the higher-pitched E flat, the B flat bass, the rarely-used C, the alto (a modern relative of the basset horn), and the even more obscure double-bass or 'pedal' clarinet. Occasionally the clarinet's 'popular' cousin can be seen in the concert hall, the saxophone.

Bassoon

Bassoon

as the name would suggest, the bass member of the woodwind family, and by far the largest, especially its lower-pitched relation, the extremely bulky double or contra-bassoon. Like the oboe, it is a double-reed instrument, although to facilitate the playing action (the instrument is normally held across and in front of the body) it is connected to the bassoon via a silver-plated, curved crook. Its most notorious cousin is the Baroque serpent, shaped very much as its name would suggest.

Brass instruments are also activated by blowing into them, although instead of using a form of reed over which the mouth is placed, the lips are placed against or inside the cup of a metal mouthpiece, and made to vibrate against its inner rim. In order of descending pitch, these are:

Trumpet

Trumpet is one of the most ancient of all instruments. Played horizontally via a series of valves on the top of the instrument which are opened and closed in various combinations to create different pitches. Occasionally, the piccolo (higher) or bass (lower) trumpets are heard (and the trumpet's 'popular' cousin, the cornet), although more common nowadays in 'authentic' Baroque orchestras (which use instruments of the correct period or copies thereof), is the 'natural' or valveless trumpet. The more notationally limited bugle is rarely heard away from its traditional military context.

French horn

French horn
another ancient instrument, descended from the use of animals' horns (hence the name) in pre-historic times. The modern instrument is the most outwardly complex, consisting of a basic tube, rounded into a compact shape culminating in a conical bore or bell, into which a series of valves are centrally set. Before the valve system had been developed, the changing of basic pitch was facilitated by the insertion of a variety of crooks which altered the length of the basic tube, and the changing of certain notes by holding the hand in a variety of subtly differentiated positions within the bell. In a popular context the term 'horn' invariably refers to the saxophone, and for the cor anglais see 'oboe' under the woodwind section above. Traditionally, the French horn section is seated away from the rest of the brass family.

Trombone

Trombone
descended from the medieval sackbutt, it is the only popular orchestral wind instrument which operates without the use of a valve or key system. The trombone is easily recognisable by its extended elliptical shape culminating in a conical bore, and its distinctive use of a hand-operated slide held out in front, in order to change pitch. The slide can be moved to any one of seven main positions, each of which facilitate a different series of notes. The tenor and bass trombone are occasionally seen (especially the latter), although the alto and double-bass are extreme rarities.

Tuba

Tuba is not unlike the French horn in basic construction, only more oval in shape and much bigger. The piston valve action is similar to the trumpet, only the valves themselves are situated in the middle of the instrument. A variety of types and sizes exist aside from the typical concert instrument in F (bass tuba), including the tenor tuba (higher), and double-bass tuba (lower), often referred to as a bombardon in a military or brass band context.

A percussion instrument is probably best defined as one where a resonating surface is struck by the player, either by hand or by some form of stick. These divide roughly into tuned instruments which have a definite pitch or series of pitches, and those of indefinite pitch. Popular examples of both types are:

Tuned

Tuned
timpani or kettle drum, xylophone, glockenspiel, tubular bells, vibraphone, marimba. Occasionally, the piano and celesta (see left) are included in scores as part of the percussion section.

Xylophone Marimba

Vibraphone Tubular bells

Indefinite pitch

Indefinite pitch
triangle, gong, castanets, whip, rattle, anvil, tambourine, cymbals (struck and clashing), and a variety of drums (side, tenor, bass, tabor, bongo etc.).

Castanets Triangle Tambourine

Cymbals Rattle Whip

Bongo

Conveniently collected together as any instrument which is operated by means of a standard keyboard, the differences in operation are wide-ranging and carry obvious associations with certain of the above categories. These break down into four main types:

Struck

Struck
where the strings are actually hit, either by a tangent (e.g. 17th/18th century clavichord), or hammers (e.g. piano, celesta).

The 'classical' guitar is typically a Spanish-derived, six-stringed instrument played using a plectrum or the finger-nails, with frets set into the fingerboard. Popular music tends to use amplification for both six-stringed instruments and the four-string bass guitar. The guitar family gradually supplanted the lute which had come to prominence during the Renaissance.

Exercises

Task 1.

Match the words with the pictures of musical instruments.

a. b. c.

d. e.

f. g.

h. i.

1. Castanet

2. Bongo

3. Whip

4. Trombone

5. Triangle

6. Trumpet

7. Xylophone

8. Tubular bells

9. Marimba

Keys: 1-a, 2-g, 3-b, 4-e, 5- h, 6- f, 7- c, 8- i, 9- d.

Task 2.

Match the worlds with their translations.

1. Trombone a. Класична гітара

2. Classical guitar b. Бонго

3. Synthesizer c. Орган

4. Organ d. Кларнет

5. Bongo e. Синтезатор

6. Trumpet f. Тромбон

7. Xylophone g. Флейта

8. French horn h. Гобой

9. Accordion i. Труба

10. Clarinet j. Ксилофон

11. Flute k. Акордеон

12. Oboe l. Валторна

Keys: 1-f, 2- a, 3- e, 4- c, 5- b, 6- i, 7- j, 8- l, 9- k, 10-d, 11- g, 12-h.

Task 3.

Match the words with their definitions: